Frequency and Spectrum of Congenital Heart Disease in Neonates Born to Diabetic Mothers and Its Association with Maternal Glycemic Control

Authors

  • Tayyeba Rasheed Malik Postgraduate trainee, Paediatric Department, Federal Government Polyclinic Hospital (PGMI), Islamabad
  • Abdul Salam Wazir Consultant Paediatric Cardiologist Daepartment of Paediatric Cardiology, Federal Government Polyclinic Hospital, Islamabad.
  • Sidra Nisar Associate Physician, Paediatric Medicine, Federal Government Polyclinic Hospital (PGMI), Islamabad
  • Muhammad Iqbal Assistant Professor of Cardiac Surgery, Adult and Paediatric Cardiac Surgery Unit, Cardiac Center, PIMS Hospital, Islamabad.
  • Naveed Ashraf Assistant Professor/Phyician, Department of Paediatrics, Federal Govt. Polyclinic Hospital (PGMI), Islamabad
  • Shehzad Munir Professor & Consultant Physician, Head of the Paediatric Department, Federal Govt. Polyclinic Hospital (PGMI), Islamabad

Abstract

Objective: To determine the frequency and spectrum of cardiac abnormalities classified as congenital heart disease (CHD) in term neonates born to diabetic mothers and assess their association with maternal glycemic control.

Methodology: The descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Department of Pediatrics, Federal Government Polyclinic Hospital (FGPC), Islamabad, Pakistan, from November 2023 to April 2024. A total of 130 term neonates born to diabetic mothers were enrolled through consecutive sampling. Maternal diabetes type and first-trimester HbA1c were recorded. Glycemic control was categorized as well controlled (HbA1c

moderately controlled (6.6–8.0%), and poorly controlled (>8.0%). All neonates underwent echocardiography within 24–48 hours of birth. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was applied, with p < 0.05 considered significant.

Published

2026-08-25

Issue

Vol. 22 No. 4 (2026): Sept-Oct

Section

Original Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Tayyeba Rasheed Malik, Abdul Salam Wazir, Sidra Nisar, Muhammad Iqbal, Naveed Ashraf, Shehzad Munir

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.