Psychological Insights into Blood Donation: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Blood donation is a crucial component of healthcare systems, saving millions of lives globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) stresses the need for a safe and sustainable blood supply, strengthened by voluntary, non-remunerated blood donations. Despite widespread awareness of its benefits, the demand for blood often exceeds supply, posing a continuous challenge. This narrative review examines the psychological factors influencing blood donation behaviour, including motivators and barriers, and offers strategies to enhance donor participation. Key psychological theories, such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour, Health Belief Model, and Prosocial Behaviour Theory, help explain donors' motivations and the psychological barriers they encounter, such as fear, misinformation, and lack of convenience. Cultural and social norms, particularly in regions like Pakistan, play a significant role in shaping donation behaviour, where religious values and familial ties encourage donation. Strategies for promoting blood donation include addressing fears through reassurance, leveraging social recognition, and tailoring campaigns to demographic groups. Targeted interventions, such as behavioural nudges, reminders, and positive reinforcement, can help convert occasional donors into regular ones. Additionally, a positive post-donation experience reinforces future donation behaviour. During humanitarian emergencies and disasters, increased donor participation is driven by a sense of urgency and responsibility, highlighting the need for sustained engagement strategies. Integrating psychological insights into public health approaches can bridge the gap between blood demand and supply, encouraging a culture of regular, voluntary donation to support healthcare needs worldwide.